Parálisis cerebral en la edad pediátrica y atención primaria de salud

A pesar de existir varios mecanismos para la prevención y manejo de la parálisis cerebral, aún persisten dificultades, en especial en la edad pediátrica. Se presenta como objetivo comentar elementos inherentes a la prevención y manejo de la parálisis cerebral para su abordaje, desde el punto de vista del enfoque psicosocial, obtenidos de la revisión documental con la cual se inició un estudio que forma parte del proyecto de investigación Estrategias para el perfeccionamiento de la prevención y manejo de la Parálisis Cerebral en Camagüey que se ejecuta, desde enero de 2020 y hasta diciembre de 2022, bajo la dirección del Centro de Desarrollo de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas en Salud, adscrito a la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey, en colaboración con los policlínicos José Martí Pérez y Rodolfo Ramírez Esquivel de las áreas de salud de la ciudad. Por su carácter la investigación es cuanticualitativa y se sustenta en la conceptualización y los procesos de evaluación de prevención y manejo de los programas de salud, lo que se evidencia en la forma de intercambiar durante la investigación, con los profesionales, así como expertos en ciencias sociales. Fueron consultados materiales y textos pertinentes a la temática desde el punto de médico y desde la visión del enfoque social de la situación de salud.

Although there are several mechanisms for the prevention and management of cerebral palsy, difficulties still persist, especially in the pediatric age. The objective is to comment on elements inherent to the prevention and management of cerebral palsy for its approach, from the point of view of the psychosocial approach, obtained from the documentary review with which a study was initiated that is part of the research project Strategies for the improvement of the prevention and management of Cerebral Palsy in Camagüey that is executed, from January 2020 and until December 2022, under the direction of the Center for the Development of Social and Humanistic Sciences in Health, attached to the University of Medical Sciences of Camagüey, in collaboration with the José Martí Pérez and Rodolfo Ramírez Esquivel polyclinics of the city's health areas. Due to its nature, the research is quantitative and is based on the conceptualization and evaluation processes of prevention and management of health programs, which is evidenced in the way of exchanging during the investigation, with professionals, as well as experts in social science. Materials and texts pertinent to the theme were consulted from the medical point of view and from the vision of the social approach to the health situation.

Mature cystic teratoma in a five-year old female: Dilemmas in management

@#The patient is a five-year old female who complained of abdominal pain. A ping pong ball-sized mass on left lower quadrant of the abdomen was palpated six (6) months ago, which rapidly grew in size and caused abdominal pain. Physical examination showed a 10 cm x 10 cm firm, non-tender, smooth hypogastric mass with limited mobility. Primary impression was a mature cystic teratoma and a differential diagnosis of a malignant ovarian mass was considered because of the elevated tumor marker CA-125 and papillary excrescences on abdominal ultrasound. A multidisciplinary team composed of pediatric anesthesiologist, pediatric hematology-oncology expert, pediatric surgeon and the obstetrician gynecologist was formed to do thorough pre- and post-op planning. The patient underwent exploratory laparotomy, peritoneal fluid cytology, left oophorocystectomy, and frozen section under general anesthesia. Frozen section revealed teratoma with mature components in three sections. Final histopathologic result was mature cystic teratoma, 13.5 centimeters in greatest tumor dimension. She was discharged on the tenth hospital day. Dilemmas in management were discussed.

Características clínicas de pacientes en edad pediátrica con COVID-19 en diferentes momentos epidemiológicos. Cienfuegos (2020-2022) / Clinical Characteristics of Pediatric Patients With COVID-19 at Different Epidemiological Times. Cienfuegos (2020-2022)

Introducción: Las manifestaciones clínicas de la COVID-19 se presentan con particularidades diferentes en cada momento epidemiológico. Objetivo: Examinar las características clínicas de pacientes en edad pediátrica con COVID-19 durante la fase aguda de hospitalización, en diferentes momentos epidemiológicos. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal realizado en la provincia de Cienfuegos. Se estudiaron 784 pacientes diagnosticados con COVID-19, entre marzo de 2020 y marzo de 2022. Se analizaron las variables: edad, sexo, procedencia, antecedentes patológicos personales, sintomatología inicial, clasificación clínica, complicaciones, estadía, evolución y momento epidemiológico. Resultados: Los niños más hospitalizados fueron los menores de cinco años (57 por ciento) con un discreto predominio del sexo femenino (52 por ciento). El 71 por ciento de la muestra no presentó comorbilidades. La forma sintomática de la enfermedad se manifestó en 57 por ciento de los pacientes, y la asintomática en 42 por ciento. Solo 1 por ciento presentó formas graves de la infección. El mayor porcentaje de casos sintomáticos se produjo en el momento epidemiológico en el cual prevaleció la cepa Ómicron. La fiebre, la tos, y la secreción nasal fueron, por ese orden, las manifestaciones clínicas predominantes. El 4 por ciento presentó neumonías, y hubo un fallecido en la serie. El 67 por ciento egresó después de una estadía entre uno, y seis días. Conclusiones: Se comprobaron diferencias en el comportamiento clínico de la COVID-19, en sus diferentes momentos epidemiológicos en Cienfuegos. La forma de presentarse la infección por SARS-CoV-2 puede ser similar a otras infecciones respiratorias virales. Esto requiere mantener la vigilancia de esta enfermedad en niños(AU)

Introduction: The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 are presented with different particularities at each epidemiological moment. Objective: To examine the clinical characteristics of pediatric patients with COVID-19 during the acute phase of hospitalization, at different epidemiological times. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in the province of Cienfuegos. 784 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 between March 2020 and March 2022 were studied. The following variables were analyzed: age, sex, origin, personal pathological history, initial symptomatology, clinical classification, complications, stay, evolution and epidemiological moment. Results: The most hospitalized children were children under five years of age (57 percent) with a slight predominance of females (52 percent). 71 percent of the sample had no comorbidities. The symptomatic form of the disease manifested itself in 57 percent of patients, and the asymptomatic in 42 percent . Only 1 percent had severe forms of the infection. The highest percentage of symptomatic cases occurred at the epidemiological moment in which the Ómicron strain prevailed. Fever, cough, and runny nose were, in that order, the predominant clinical manifestations. 4 percent of the patients had pneumonia, and there was one death in the series. 67 percent discharged after a stay of one to six days. Conclusions: Differences were found in the clinical behavior of COVID-19, in its different epidemiological moments in Cienfuegos. The way SARS-CoV-2 infection occurs may be similar to other viral respiratory infections. This requires maintaining surveillance for this disease in children(AU)

Conocimientos sobre anemia ferropénica en madres de niños menores de un año de edad

Introducción: La carencia de hierro es la deficiencia específica de micronutrientes más frecuente en la población cubana. Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de conocimiento sobre anemia ferropénica en madres de niños menores de 1 año de edad. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y transversal realizado en el policlínico "Ramón López Peña". La población de estudio estuvo conformada por 352 madres de niños menores de 1 año de edad, que aceptaron participar en la investigación. Para la recolección de datos se aplicó un cuestionario. La variable a evaluar fue nivel de conocimientos. Resultados: El principal grupo de edad de las participantes fue entre 20 y 35 años (60,9 %) y en su mayoría casadas (59,3 %). El 53,1 % de estas cursaron el preuniversitario y 60,9 % cuenta únicamente con un hijo. El nivel de conocimiento sobre prevención de anemia ferropénica según dimensión conocimientos básicos fue alta en 54,7 % de las madres, 53 % presentaron conocimientos bajos en relación con las medidas preventivas, y en el tratamiento predominó el nivel medio en 54,2 % de la casuística. De forma general 38,9 % de las madres presentaron conocimientos medios sobre la prevención de la anemia ferropénica. Conclusiones: Aparte de que las madres presentan un nivel de medio a alto de conocimientos sobre la prevención de la anemia ferropénica, se deben intensificar las acciones de salud, encaminadas a elevar la educación nutricional, como elemento fundamental para su prevención.

Introduction: Iron deficiency is the most frequent specific micronutrient deficiency in the Cuban population. Objective: To determine the level of knowledge about iron deficiency anemia in mothers of children under one year of age. Methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted at "Ramón López Peña" polyclinic. The study population consisted of 352 mothers of children under one year of age, who agreed to participate in the research. A questionnaire was applied for data collection. The variable to be evaluated was level of knowledge. Results: The main age group of the participants was between 20 and 35 years (60.9%) and mostly married (59.3%). 53.1% of them had pre-university studies and 60.9% have only one child. The level of knowledge about the prevention of iron deficiency anemia according to basic knowledge dimension was high in 54.7% of the mothers, 53% presented low knowledge in relation to preventive measures, and on the treatment, the average level predominated in 54.2% of the casuistry. In general, 38.9% of the mothers presented average knowledge about the prevention of iron deficiency anemia. Conclusions: Apart from the fact that mothers have a medium to high level of knowledge about the prevention of iron deficiency anemia, health actions should be intensified, aimed at raising nutritional education, as a fundamental element for its prevention.

Osteomielitis crónica agudizada del maxilar. Presentación de un caso pediátrico / Acute chronic osteomyelitis of the maxilla. Presentation of pediatric case / Osteomielite crônica aguda da maxila. Apresentação de um caso pediátrico

RESUMEN Se presentó el caso de una paciente femenina de 9 años con historia de traumatismo a nivel de incisivos centrales superiores, por lo cual recibió tratamiento para apicoformación con hidróxido de calcio durante un periodo prolongado, que luego de realizarle la obturación de los conductos radiculares presentó un cuadro de inflamación aguda en labio superior y vestíbulo bucal. El tratamiento incluyó terapia antimicrobiana, desbridamiento quirúrgico amplio bajo anestesia general, apicectomía de ambos incisivos, obturación a visión directa de los conductos y sellado apical de los dientes con gutapercha. El diagnóstico anatomopatológico fue el de osteomielitis crónica agudizada del maxilar. Año y medio después se observó ausencia clínica de signos inflamatorios y adecuada cicatrización del tejido óseo. Se concluyó que, aunque los reportes de osteomielitis crónica del hueso maxilar son escasos, debe estar presente dentro del diagnóstico diferencial cuando se evalúan pacientes en edad pediátrica con historia de traumatismo dentoalveolar y procesos inflamatorios en la región maxilofacial.

ABSTRACT A nine-year old female patient presented with a history of trauma to the upper central incisors. She received treatment for apicoforming with calcium hydroxide for a prolonged period, who after root canal obturation presented acute inflammation of the upper lip and buccal vestibule. Treatment included antimicrobial therapy, extensive surgical debridement under general anesthesia, apicoectomy of both incisors, and direct visual obturation of the canals and apical sealing of the teeth with gutta-percha. The anatomopathologic diagnosis was acute chronic osteomyelitis of the maxilla. One and a half years later, clinical absence of inflammatory signs and adequate healing of the bone tissue were observed. It was concluded that, although reports concerning chronic osteomyelitis of the maxillary bone are rare events, this type of infection should be always present at the time of the differential diagnosis for evaluating pediatric patients with a history of dentoalveolar trauma and inflammatory processes in the maxillofacial region.

RESUMO Apresentamos o caso de uma paciente feminina de 9 anos de idade com histórico de trauma nos incisivos centrais superiores, para a qual ela recebeu tratamento para apicoformação com hidróxido de cálcio por um período prolongado, que após a obturação do canal radicular apresentou inflamação aguda do lábio superior e vestíbulo vestibular. O tratamento incluiu terapia antimicrobiana, desbridamento cirúrgico extensivo sob anestesia geral, apicoectomia de ambos os incisivos, obturação visual direta dos canais e vedação apical dos dentes com guta-percha. O diagnóstico patológico foi uma osteomielite crônica aguda da maxila. Um ano e meio depois, houve uma ausência clínica de sinais inflamatórios e uma cicatrização adequada do tecido ósseo. Concluiu-se que, embora os relatos de osteomielite crônica do osso maxilar sejam escassos, ela deveria estar presente no diagnóstico diferencial ao avaliar pacientes pediátricos com histórico de trauma dentoalveolar e processos inflamatórios na região maxilofacial.

HLA DQ2/DQ8 haplotypes and anti-transglutaminase antibodies as celiac disease markers in a pediatric population with type 1 diabetes mellitus

ABSTRACT Objectives: Evaluate the celiac disease (CD) markers, within the scope of its screening, in a pediatric population with diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) at Hospital de Braga (HB) and determine the prevalence of CD in the sample. Reflect on CD screening algorithm applied in this pediatric population. Subjects and methods: Retrospective observational study with 94 patients diagnosed with T1D at age 10 years or younger, followed up at the HB Outpatient Diabetology Consultation, including those referred from other hospitals. Record of clinical information, IgA anti-transglutaminase and anti-endomysium and HLA DQ2/DQ8 haplotypes. Results: We obtained positive serological test for CD in 4 patients. This test had 100% sensitivity and specificity. The prevalence of CD was 4.3% (n = 4). Positive HLA screening in 84.6% of patients, with both sensitivity and negative predictive value of 100% and specificity of 16.67%. Diagnosis of CD was made on average 3.40 ± 3.32 years after the diagnosis of TD1. All cases of CD registered non-gastrointestinal manifestations, none had gastrointestinal symptoms. Conclusion: This study proved that there is a higher prevalence of CD in pediatric population with TD1, when compared to general population, and clarified the importance of CD screening. Furthermore, it was observed that serological screening for CD antibodies is an excellent screening test and HLA typing, although not the most suitable first line test, can be useful in excluding the possibility of patients with T1D developing CD.

Fractura osteocondral traumática de rodilla en edad pediátrica: reporte de un caso / Traumatic osteochondral knee fracture in pediatric age: report of a case / Fratura osteocondral traumática do joelho em idade pediátrica: relato de um caso

Las fracturas osteocondrales (FOC) traumáticas de rodilla en la edad pediátrica, son lesiones que acompañan hasta un 30% de las luxaciones agudas de rótula (LAR). Si no se mantiene una elevada sospecha clínica, es frecuente su retraso diagnóstico, pudiendo generar potenciales complicaciones. A propósito, presentamos el caso de una paciente de 12 años con una FOC post LAR que pasó inadvertida en la primera consulta, requiriendo la fijación del fragmento osteocondral con tornillos HCS a los 5 meses, logrando un excelente resultado funcional a los 54 meses de seguimiento.

Traumatic osteochondral fractures (OCF) of the knee in pediatric age are injuries that accompany up to 30% of acute patellar dislocations (APD). If high clinical suspicion is not maintained, its diagnostic delay is frequent, and may generate potential complications. Incidentally, we present the case of a 12-year-old patient with a post-APD OCF that went unnoticed in the first consultation, requiring fixation of the osteochondral fragment with HCS screws at 5 months. Achieving an excellent functional result at 54 months follow-up.

As fraturas osteocondrais traumáticas (FOC) do joelho em idade pediátrica são lesões que acompanham até 30% das luxações agudas da patela (LAP). Se uma alta suspeita clínica não for mantida, seu atraso no diagnóstico é frequente e pode gerar complicações potenciais. A propósito, apresentamos o caso de um paciente de 12 anos com FOC pós-LAP que passou despercebido na primeira consulta, exigindo fixação do fragmento osteocondral com parafusos HCS em 5 meses. Obtendo um excelente resultado funcional aos 54 de acompanhamento.

Epidemiologia del dengue en la edad pediátrica en Guantánamo / Epidemiology of pediatric dengue in Guantánamo

RESUMEN Introducción: El dengue en la edad pediátrica continúa siendo una de las causas frecuentes de morbilidad y mortalidad. Objetivo: Caracterizar la epidemia de dengue en la edad pediátrica en Guantánamo. Métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo de corte transversal en un universo de 150 casos confirmados atendidos en el Policlínico Docente Emilio Daudinot Bueno durante el periodo entre enero de 2018-diciembre de 2019 y se contrastaron los resultados de estos años. Se evaluaron las variables: grupo de edad, sexo, tiempo de ingreso en horas, manifestaciones clínicas, signos y síntomas de alarma y meses del año. Los datos se obtuvieron de las historias clínicas epidemiológicas de cada uno de los casos. Resultados: El año 2019 tuvo el mayor número de casos confirmados (72,6 %), donde el sexo masculino (50,4 %) y el grupo de edad de 15 a 18 años (30,2 %) prevalecieron. En ambos años (2018 y 2019) el mayor porcentaje de los pacientes que ingresaron, lo hicieron durante las primeras 24 horas del inicio de los síntomas (73,1 y 47,7 % respectivamente). El síntoma predominante fue la fiebre (97,5 % y 92,0 %) durante los años señalados. La aparición de signos de alarma en pacientes al momento de su ingreso tuvo mayor frecuencia durante 2019 (81,5 %). Los meses de mayor número de casos confirmados durante el 2018 fueron los de septiembre, julio y octubre, que agrupó 69 %; en 2019 fueron los de diciembre, septiembre y octubre con el 60 %. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos avalan la necesidad de continuar la vigilancia del dengue en la edad pediátrica y aportan conocimientos necesarios para su prevención.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Pediatric dengue continues to be a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality. Objective: Characterize the pediatric dengue epidemic in Guantánamo. Methods: An observational cross-sectional retrospective descriptive study was conducted of a universe of 150 confirmed cases attending Emilio Daudinot Bueno polyclinic from January 2018 to December 2019, contrasting the results obtained for those years. The variables considered were age group, sex, hospital stay in hours, clinical manifestations, warning signs and symptoms, and month of the year. Data were obtained from the epidemiological medical records of all the cases. Results: There was an increase in the number of confirmed cases in 2019 with respect to 2018. The most affected age groups were 5-9 years in 2018 (36.5 %) and 15-18 years in 2019 (30.2 %) in the male sex. Admission within 24 hours prevailed in both periods, with 73.1 % in 2018 and 47.7 % in 2019. Fever was the main clinical manifestation in both years, with 97.5 % and 92.0 %, respectively. The appearance of alarm signs in patients at the time of admission was more frequent during 2019 (81.5 %). The months with the highest number of confirmed cases during 2018 were September, July and October, which accounted for 69 %; in 2019 they were those of December, September and October with 60 %. Conclusions: The results obtained support the need to continue surveillance of dengue in children and provide the necessary knowledge for its prevention.

Cirugía videolaparoscópica pediátrica en la provincia de Matanzas / Pediatric videolaparoscopic surgery in the province of Matanzas

RESUMEN Las indicaciones de la cirugía de mínimo acceso en el niño han aumentado. Lo que ha traído consigo que aumente el espectro de las entidades resueltas por esta novedosa técnica. En marzo de 2017, se comenzaron a aplicar de manera sistemática estos procedimientos en el Hospital Docente Pediátrico "Eliseo Noel Caamaño", de Matanzas. Con este artículo se pretende describir los resultados de la cirugía mínimamente invasiva en Pediatría, durante su primer año en la mencionada provincia. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo para presentar los resultados durante el primer año. Se operaron 77 pacientes. Predominó el sexo femenino, y el grupo etario de 15-19 años. Las intervenciones más realizadas fueron la apendicectomía, 50,6 % y la colecistectomía, 28 %. Se registró un 4 % de conversiones y un 4 % de complicaciones (AU).

ABSTRACT The indications of minimal access surgery in children have increased and the spectrum of the entities resolved with this new technique has enhanced. In March 2017, these procedures began to be used systematically at the Teaching Pediatric Hospital "Eliseo Noel Caamaño", of Matanzas. In this article, the authors pretend to describe the results of the minimally invasive surgery in Pediatrics during the first year in the before-mentioned province. A descriptive prospective study was conducted to present the achieved results. 77 patients underwent surgery. Female sex predominated and the age group of 15-19 years. The most common surgeries were appendectomy (50.6 %) and cholecistectomy (28 %). A 4 % of conversions and 4 % complications were recorded (AU).

Evaluación del método clínico en el diagnóstico de la cefalea oftalmológica en niños / Evaluation of the clinical method in the diagnosis of ophthalmic headache in children / Avaliação do método clínico no diagnóstico de cefaléia oftálmica em crianças

RESUMEN Introducción: la cefalea constituye uno de los motivos de consulta más comunes por el cual las personas acuden a los servicios médicos, es una causa importante de discapacidad, que trae consigo consecuencias a nivel personal. Objetivo: evaluar la utilización del método clínico, en el diagnóstico de la cefalea de causa oftalmológica en la edad pediátrica. Método: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal, a 192 pacientes que asistieron a los servicios de Urgencias de Oftalmología, en el Hospital Pediátrico Hermanos Cordové, en el período comprendido entre enero y diciembre del 2019. Se estudiaron las variables: edad y sexo, enseñanza escolar, antecedentes patológicos personales, características de la cefalea y diagnóstico presuntivo. Resultados: predominó los pacientes entre 6 y 7 años de edad del sexo femenino, cursando la enseñanza primaria, sin antecedentes patológicos personales, con una cefalea de inicio subagudo, episódica, que afecta las actividades cotidianas, que aparece en cualquier momento del día, acompañada principalmente de alteraciones visuales y náuseas y vómitos, predominando como diagnóstico presuntivo la cefalea migrañosa. Conclusiones: se demostró que el mayor por ciento de los pacientes que acudieron por cefalea a los servicios de urgencias de oftalmología, esta, no estaba relacionada a trastornos oftalmológicos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: headache is one of the most common reasons for consultation for which people go to medical services, it is an important cause of disability, which brings with it consequences on a personal level. Objective: to evaluate the use of the clinical method in the diagnosis of headache of ophthalmic cause in pediatric age. Method: an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out of 192 patients who attended the Ophthalmology Emergency Services at the Hermanos Cordové Pediatric Hospital, in the period between January and December 2019. The variables were studied: age and sex, school education, personal pathological history, headache characteristics and presumptive diagnosis. Results: there was a predominance of female patients between 6 and 7 years of age, attending primary school, without personal pathological history, with a headache of subacute onset, episodic, which affects daily activities, which appears at any time of the day, accompanied mainly of visual disturbances and nausea and vomiting, prevailing as a presumptive diagnosis migraine headache. Conclusions: It was shown that the highest percentage of patients who attended the ophthalmology emergency department for headache, this was not related to ophthalmological disorders.

RESUMO Introdução: a dor de cabeça é um dos motivos mais comuns de consulta para as quais as pessoas vão aos serviços médicos; é uma importante causa de incapacidade, o que traz conseqüências em nível pessoal. Objetivo: avaliar o uso do método clínico no diagnóstico de cefaleia de causa oftalmológica em idade pediátrica. Método: estudo observacional, descritivo, transversal, com 192 pacientes atendidos no Serviço de Emergência em Oftalmologia do Hospital Pediátrico Hermanos Cordové, no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2019. As variáveis ​​estudadas foram: idade e sexo, educação escolar, história patológica pessoal, características da dor de cabeça e diagnóstico presuntivo. Resultados: houve predomínio de pacientes do sexo feminino entre 6 e 7 anos de idade, frequentadoras do ensino fundamental, sem histórico patológico pessoal, com cefaléia de início subagudo, episódica, que afeta as atividades diárias, que aparecem a qualquer hora do dia, acompanhadas principalmente de distúrbios visuais e náuseas e vômitos, prevalecendo como diagnóstico presuntivo de enxaqueca. Conclusões: Foi demonstrado que o maior percentual de pacientes que compareceu ao pronto-socorro oftalmológico por cefaleia não estava relacionado a distúrbios oftalmológicos.

Guía práctica de colecistitis aguda en la edad pediátrica

La colecistitis aguda es la inflamación aguda de la vesícula biliar, originada por la obstrucción de la salida de la bilis causada generalmente por cálculos (litos). Se ha estimado que la incidencia de esta entidad en niños se encuentra entre el 0,15 y el 0,22 %, con un importante aumento en la pubertad. La colecistitis aguda es la complicación más frecuente de la litiasis vesicular y registra en 6-22 % de los pacientes sintomáticos con una media de aparición entre los siete y once años de seguimiento. Por la importancia de las manifestaciones clínicas en la conducta diagnóstica y terapéutica se dividen en grado I (leve), grado II (moderada), grado III (severa). El diagnóstico se lleva a cabo teniendo en cuenta el antecedente de litiasis, el cólico biliar persistente, los vómitos y la fiebre, son los elementos clínicos más constantes. El ultrasonido abdominal es el estudio de imagen más utilizado para corroborar el diagnóstico. Los pilares más importantes son la antibioticoterapia de amplio espectro, el tratamiento del dolor y los síntomas acompañantes, así como la actitud quirúrgica. Esta puede ir desde una colecistostomía en los casos graves o la colecistectomía convencional o videolaparoscópica según los recursos de la institución y la experiencia del equipo tratante. Entre las complicaciones encontramos el empiema vesicular, gangrena vesicular, perforación vesicular, plastrón vesicular, absceso subfrénico, pancreatitis aguda, íleo biliar, fístula biliar externa, fístula biliar interna, síndrome de Mirizzi colangitis obstructiva aguda supurada.

Acute cholecystitis is the acute inflammation of the gall bladder caused by the obstruction of the bile output usually caused by gallstones (lytos). It has been estimated that the incidence of this entity in children is between 0.15 and 0.22 %, with a significant increase in puberty. Acute cholecystitis is the most common complication of cholelithiasis and it is present in the 6 to 22% of the symptomatic patients with an average onset between the seven to eleven years of follow-up. Due to the importance of clinical manifestations in the diagnostic and therapeutic behaviour, they are divided into grade I (mild), grade II (moderate), grade III (severe). The diagnosis is carried out taking into account the history of lithiasis, and persistent biliary colic, vomiting and fever are the most constant clinical elements. Abdominal ultrasound is the most widely used imaging study to corroborate the diagnosis. The most important pillars are the broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, the treatment of pain and the accompanying symptoms as well as the surgical approach. This last can go from a cholecystectomy in severe cases or conventional video-assisted laparoscopic cholecystectomy depending on the institution's resources and the experience of the medical staff. Between the complications, we can find vesicular empyema, vesicular gangrene, vesicular perforation, vesicular plastron, subphrenic abscess, acute pancreatitis, ileus gallstone, external biliary fistula, internal biliary fistula, Mirizzi syndrome, and obstructive acute suppurative cholangitis.

Fractura metafisaria de radio distal asociada a una fractura de escafoides, en un adolescente de 14 años / Distal radius fracture combined with scaphoid fracture, in a 14-year-old teenager / Fratura metafisária do rádio distal associada a uma fratura escafóide em adolescente de 14 anos

La asociación entre fractura de radio distal y fractura de escafoides es una asociación infrecuente, en la presentación inicial, pasa inadvertida muchas veces la fractura a nivel de escafoides. El diagnóstico precoz nos permite un correcto tratamiento evitando posibles complicaciones en la evolución. Se presenta el caso de un adolescente de 14 años con dicha asociación lesional. Se le realizó reducción cerrada y fijación percutánea con alambres de Kirschner a nivel del radio distal y se trató la fractura de escafoides, de forma ortopédica, con yeso antebraquipalmar con inclusión del primer dedo. Se obtuvo la consolidación de ambos focos con excelentes resultados clínicos.

The association between distal radius fracture and scaphoid fracture is a rare association, in many cases the scaphoid fracture can be overlooked at the initial presentation. The early diagnosis allows a correct treatment avoiding possible complications in the follow-up. The case of a 14-year-old teenager with this association is presented. Closed reduction and percutaneous fixation was performed with Kirschner Wires at distal radius fracture, the scaphoid fracture was treated orthopedically with short-arm thumb spica cast. Consolidation of both fractures was obtained with excellent clinical results.

A associação entre fratura do rádio distal e fratura do escafoide é uma associação pouco freqüente; na apresentação inicial, a fratura do escafóide geralmente passa despercebida. O diagnóstico precoce nos permite um tratamento correto, evitando possíveis complicações na evolução. É apresentado o caso de um adolescente de 14 anos com essa associação lesional. Ele foi submetido a redução fechada e fixação percutânea com fios de Kirschner no raio distal, e a fratura do escafóide foi tratada ortopedicamente com um molde de antebraço incluindo o primeiro dedo. A consolidação de ambos os focos foi obtida com excelentes resultados clínicos.

Características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la papilomatosis respiratoria recurrente en pacientes pediátricos / Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in pediatric patients

La papilomatosis respiratoria recurrente (PRR) es la segunda causa más frecuente de disfonía durante la infancia, cuyo agente causal más frecuente es el virus del papiloma humano serotipos 6 y 11. Con el objetivo de analizar las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la PPR en pacientes pediátricos admitidos en el Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga, se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal de recolección retrospectiva de datos durante el lapso 2011-2016. Entre las características sociodemográficas se encontró una edad promedio para el momento del diagnóstico de 4,4 ± 2,41 años, siendo los más afectados los preescolares (70%) sin predilección por sexo. Como antecedente prenatal, 90% fue producto de parto vaginal y 30% reportaron asma e infección respiratoria baja. Las características clínicas presentes fueron disfonía (90%), disnea (70%) y estridor (60%) y la localización de las lesiones fueron comisura anterior (100%), repliegues vocales (80% derecho y 90% izquierdo) y vestíbulo (40%). Se reportaron 40% de casos de VPH-6 y 10% de VPH-11. El tratamiento fue quirúrgico en el 100% de los casos, de los cuales 50% requirió una segunda poda y 30% tres podas; 10% de los pacientes ameritaron traqueotomía. Este estudio aporta información sobre la importancia de reconocer tempranamente la disfonía persistente, lo que permite disminuir la demora en el diagnóstico de PRR y facilitar un manejo oportuno con menores tasas de recidiva a largo plazo(AU)

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is the second most frequent cause of dysphonia during childhood; the most frequent causative agent is human papillomavirus serotypes 6 and 11. In order to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of RRP In pediatric admitted to the Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga, a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted during the 2011-2016 period. The average age of diagnosis was 4.4 ± 2.41 years, with the highest prevalence in preschool children (70%) and with no sex predilection. 90% of patients were product of vaginal delivery and 30% reported asthma and low respiratory infection. The clinical features present were dysphonia (90%), dyspnea (70%) and stridor (60%); location of the lesions were anterior commissure (100%), vocal folds (80% right and 90% left) and vestibule (40%). 40% of patients reported HPV-6 and 10% HPV-11. Treatment was surgical in 100% of cases of which 50% required a second pruning and 30% three pruning; 10% needed a tracheotomy. This study provides information on the importance of early recognition of persistent dysphonia allowing to reduce diagnosis delay of RRP and facilitate timely management with lower rates of long-term recurrence(AU)

Luxación anterior obturatriz traumática de cadera en la edad pediátrica: reporte de un caso / Anterior dislocation traumatic hip obturator in pediatric age: a case report / Obturador traumático de cadeira com luxação anterior em idade pediátrica: relato de caso

La luxación de cadera de tipo anterior-obturatriz es una patología inusual en la ortopedia pediátrica pero con complicaciones potencialmente graves en la evolución. A propósito, presentamos el caso de una niña de 14 años que sufrió una luxación anterior-obturatriz secundaria a un traumatismo de alta energía. Se le realizo reducción cerrada en block quirúrgico bajo anestesia general, con buena evolución y sin complicaciones, con un seguimiento 24 meses.

Hip dislocation of the anterior-obturator type is an unusual pathology in pediatric orthopedics, but with potentially serious complications in evolution. By the way, we present the case of a 14-year-old girl who suffered a secondary anterior-obturator dislocation and high-energy trauma. A closed reduction was made in the surgical block under general anesthesia, with good evolution and without complications in a follow-up of 24 months.

A luxação anterior-luxação do quadril obturador é uma patologia incomum em ortopedia pediátrica, mas com complicações potencialmente graves na evolução. A propósito, apresentamos o caso de uma menina de 14 anos que sofreu um deslocamento obturador prévio secundário a trauma de alta energia. Uma redução fechada foi realizada no bloco cirúrgico sob anestesia geral, com boa evolução e sem complicações no seguimento de 24 meses.

Cerebrospinal fluid procalcitonin: a promising diagnostic tool in differentiating bacterial from aseptic meningitis

Background: Procalcitonin in cerebrospinal fluid has been evaluated with regard to its usefulness in distinguishing between the possible causative organisms for infections. CSF PCT as a diagnostic marker has also been evaluated for differentiating bacterial from viral meningitis with conflicting results obtained so far. The current study was designed to see the role of procalcitonin as diagnostic marker and in differentiating bacterial from aseptic meningitis in pediatric age group.Methods: Children from 5 months to 15 years of age who were suspected cases of meningitis and were admitted to Pediatric Department in SKIMS Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir were included in this case control prospective study conducted from 2014 to 2016. The total number of 200 children participated in the study among which 100 were cases and 100 controls. Serum and CSF PCT was measured by a fluorescence immunoassay using QDX Instacheck with a detection limit of 0.25-100 ng/ml. Data was analyzed by using standard statistical tests using SPSS 20.Results: The mean CSF PCT in ng/ml in our study for viral meningitis was 0.59'0.43 (range=0.00-1.90), for bacterial meningitis 4.92'1.50 (range=2.89-10.82) and for controls 0.22'0.11 (range=0.00-0.32), respectively. CSF PCT was significantly higher in viral and bacterial meningitis as compared to controls (p<0.01) and significantly higher in bacterial meningitis as compared to viral meningitis (p<0.01). An AUC of 1.000 was established using serum and CSF PCT for bacterial meningitis. The diagnostic accuracy of serum and CSF PCT was almost 100% at cut-off of 2.2 ng/ml and 2.89 ng/ml, respectively.Conclusions: Author have concluded that CSF PCT can be used as a diagnostic marker with better results in differentiation of bacterial from aseptic meningitis.

Factores de riesgo de pacientes con sepsis ingresados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos: Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga / Risk factors in patients with sepsis admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit: Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga

Con el objetivo de determinar los factores de riesgo de pacientes con sepsis ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos del Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga durante el lapso noviembre 2016 - febrero 2017, se realizó una investigación de tipo descriptivo transversal con una muestra de 24 pacientes con sepsis, la mayor parte de los cuales eran lactantes menores (66,6%), con ligero predominio del sexo masculino (62,5%). El estado nutricional de los pacientes fue normal en 45,8% de los casos, sin embargo, se registró desnutrición crónica en 25% de los pacientes. Se presentaron sin enfermedad asociada 79,1% de los pacientes estudiados, mientras que 20,8% registraron cardiopatía congénita, enfermedad renal crónica o malformación cerebrovascular. La estancia hospitalaria fue superior a los 7 días en 83,3% de los casos. La mayoría de los pacientes pediátricos fueron sometidos a procedimientos invasivos (95,8%). Los resultados de este estudio permiten obtener información real de los factores de riesgo que inciden en el desarrollo de sepsis en la edad pediátrica(AU)

To determine the risk factors of patients with sepsis admitted to the Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos of the Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga during November 2016 - February 2017 a descriptive transversal study was carried out with 24 patients with sepsis most of which were lower infants (66.6%), with a slight prevalence of male sex (62.5%). Nutritional status of patients was normal in 45.8% of cases; however, chronic malnutrition was seen in 25% of patients. 20.8% of patients had an associated disease such as congenital cardiopathy, chronic renal disease and vascular brain malformations. Hospital stay was greater than 7 days in 83.3% of patients. In most cases, pediatric patients were subjected to invasive procedures (95.8%). The results allowed us to obtain real information of the risk factors that affect the development of sepsis in the pediatric age(AU)

Abdominal masses in Pediatric age

Background: Abdominal masses are often incidentally discovered by a parent while bathing the child, palpated unexpectedly on routine physical examination, or detected on abdominal imaging. Aim: The objective of the present study was to observe intra-abdominal tumors in children less than 12 year. Materials and methods: Total 17 intra-abdominal tumors of both sexes under 12 years of age was collected and analyzes to determine the various types of intra-abdominal tumors in relation to age and sex. Study was done for a period of 4 years. Results: 1 to 5 years are more common pediatric age group with tumors in abdomen with 52.7%. Age under 5 years age group with 70.6%. Males are most commonly observed with pediatric tumors with 58.8% of total subjects. Male: female ratio is 1.2:1. Neuroblastoma was the most common tumor constituting 41.18 % of all cases, followed by Wilms’ tumor (23.53%), hepatoblastoma (11.76%), teratoma and granulosa cell tumor (11.76%). Conclusion: Neuroblastoma was the most common tumor. Most of the tumors were noted in children less than 5 years of age.

Study of salivary gland neoplasms in pediatric age group in a tertiary care centre for head and neck diseases

Introduction: Salivary gland tumors are very rare in children and adolescents. We reported here 11 cases of paediatric salivary gland tumors in a study conducted from July 2015 to June 2017 at Government ENT Hospital, Koti, Hyderabad, Telangana, a tertiary care center. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze clinical and histopathological features of salivary gland tumours in paediatric age group (children and adolescents). Materials and methods: A total of 11 cases of salivary gland tumors encountered in paediatric age group (0-18 years) were studied and analyzed for age, gender, site predilection and for histopathological types. Results: Parotid and submandibular glands were the main site of tumor occurrence (8/11 in parotid gland, 2/11 in submandibular gland and 1/11 arising in minor salivary glands of hard palate). 4 cases were benign tumors (pleomorphic adenoma) and 7 were malignant tumors (constituted by 6 cases of low grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas and a single case of adenoid cystic carcinoma). Majority of the cases were above 10 years of age with an average of 12.3 years with female preponderence. Conclusion: Present study showed that salivary gland tumors in paediatric age group are very rare and with majority of cases being Mucoepidermoid carcinoma with female preponderance seen in parotid gland. Other glands involved were submandibular salivary glands and minor salivary glands of hard palate. Pleomorphic adenoma was the most common benign tumor and Mucoepidermoid carcinoma was the most common malignant tumor, all of low grade type. One case of adenoid cystic carcinoma was noted in a 15 year old female.

Comparing Plusoptix A09 photorefractometer results with autorefractometer using Bland-Altman analysis / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To evaluate the accuracy of the Plusoptix A09 photorefraction with and without cycloplegia compared to an autorefractometer in pediatric patients.<p>METHODS: We assessed the refractive status of 180 eyes in 90 pediatric patients. Refractions were measured with the Plusoptix A09 photorefractor(Plusoptix GmbH, Nürnberg, Germany)with and without cycloplegia and compared with those obtained by autorefractometer(Topcon KR-8900, Tokyo, Japan)after cycloplegia. Spherical equivalent, spherical power cylindrical power and cylindrical axis J0, J45 values measurements were analyzed with Bland-Altman analysis. <p>RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 7.48±3.01(range 3 to 13y). Between the non-cycloplegic Plusoptix A09 photorefractometer and the cycloplegic autorefractometer measurements, there was significant difference between spherical power and spherical equivalent values(<i>P</i><0.001)but there was no significant difference between cylindrical power, J0 and J45 values(<i>P</i>>0.05). Between the cycloplegic Plusoptix A09 photorefractometer and the cycloplegic autorefractometer measurements, there was significant difference between spherical power and spherical equivalent values(<i>P</i><0.001)but there was no significant difference between the cylindric power, J0 and J45 values(<i>P</i>>0.05). Bland-Altman correlation analysis revealed an excellent correlation for the spherical power, cylindrical power and spherical equivalent measurements, but poor correlation for J0 and J45 values between the non-cycloplegic, cycloplegic Plusoptix A09 and the cycloplegic autorefractometer measurements.<p>CONCLUSION: To determine refractive errors in children, the Plusoptix A09 measurements with and without cycloplegia can give reliable results. But it is inadequate when measuring the cylindrical axis and high refractive values. This device can be an effective option to detect and screen refractive errors in uncooperative children.